LUCRETIUS
Lucretius
left one work, the De Rerum Natura, a didactic poem in six books
containing nearly 7,500 hexameter lines. The purpose of the poem is to set forth
the Epicurean system of philosophy, particularly those portions dealing with the
origin of the world and the operations of natural forces. The poet's aim in
writing was, as he tells us, to free men's minds from the baneful influence of
superstition and of the belief in the hereafter, to which he attributed the
greater portion of the fears and troubles of life. He tried to explain how,
without the direction or intervention of supernatural agencies in any degree,
all natural phenomena may be accounted for. In Book I, he lays down as
fundamental truths the propositions that nothing can come from nothing, and that
to nothing no one returns. The universe is made up of matter and void, or space.
It has no centre; for matter exists in infinite quantity, and space is without
limit. Matter is composed of atoms, which are inconceivably minute, perfectly
solid, and indestructible. Book II is devoted to an elaborate discussion of the
atoms, treating their movements, shapes, and combinations. Sensation and feeling
are declared to be an accident of atomic combination, a result of the coming
together of atoms of certain shapes in certain ways.
The
subject of the third book is the mind and soul, which, according to the poet,
are inseparably united and of material nature, being composed of the finest and
roundest atoms. He offers several proofs that the soul perishes at the same time
with the body. Book IV deals with the phenomena of sense-perception. From the
surface of all objects, thin films of matter are continually flying off,
preserving the general outline of that from which they come. These impinge upon
our senses, and perception is an immediate result. Yet in the adaptation of the
senses to their functions, there is no evidence of design, no sign of creative
intelligence. The fifth book sets forth the perishable nature of the world, its
formation from a fortuitous concourse of atoms, the origin of life by
spontaneous generation, the preservation of animal life in accordance with the
law of the survival of the fittest, and the development of man in civilization
out of a condition of brutish savagery. In
Book VI, the poet attempts to explain the natural phenomena, which seem most
terrible and inexplicable, particularly thunder and lighting, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, the changes of the Nile, and the power of the magnet.
The
poem ends abruptly with a description of the plague at Athens, and was evidently
given to the world before it had received the final recession of the author.
In
the matter of the poem,
Lucretius
followed closely the teachings of Epicurus, whom he revered as guide and master.
With a truly Roman spirit, he laid more emphasis upon the region of law in the
universe than his teacher; but he made no contribution in the way of doctrine to
the Epicurean system. Whether he intended to bring his work to a close with a
presentation of the ethical views of Epicurus it is impossible to determine; but
numerous references show that in these, also, the poet was fully in sympathy
with his master. That
of the poem of Empedocles, On Nature, perhaps suggested the form of the De Rerum
Natura. The
thought and manner of expression reveal the influence of several Greek poets
besides Empedocles (notably Homer and Euripides), and of the early Roman poets
(particularly Eunius), as well as of Cicero's
Aratea.
Yet the poem throughout bears the stamp of a marked individuality. Believing
deeply himself in the mission of Epicureanism as a cure-all for human ills,
Lucretius proclaimed its teachings with an almost religious fervor. Previous to
his time, this system of philosophy had received only scanty treatment in Latin,
that, too, in barbarous prose. From the multitude of its technical details and
the absence of a supernatural element, it seemed incapable of poetic handling.
Nevertheless,
Lucretius succeeded not only in presenting the main features of Epicurean
physics and psychology with admirable clearness, but also even in clothing them
with a highly poetic form. There
are, indeed, passages of unequal merit, and now and then the lack of the poet's
finishing touches becomes unpleasantly apparent; yet from beginning to end, the
poem carries the reader along with a kind of epic movement and interest.
The
existing manuscripts of Lucretius are all derived from a single archetype, which
has long since disappeared. From this at least three copies were made. One of
these, a beautiful folio of the ninth century, is now at
Leyden
(called A by Munro). Another was the parent of the quarto MS. of the tenth
century (B), also at Leyden, and of two others of which there are considerable
fragments at Copenhagen and Vienna. The third copy was taken by Poggio to Italy
in the fifteenth century, and became the ancestor of the numerous Italian MSS.
Of the De Rerum Natura.